Paper chromatography Essay Example for Free

Paper chromatography Essay Aim : to separate and identify of the pigments in leaves by paper chromatography Principle of design: In this experiment, a strip of filter paper containing a small spot of concentrated chlorophyll pigment is dipped in a mixture of developing solvent, the pigments was carried up the strip as the solvents move up. Since the solvents moved at different rates and pigments had different solubilities in them, the pigments gradually become separated. When the solvent was near the top of the paper, the paper was removed. After that, Rf (Relative front) for that substance were calculated. In this experiment, Rf values were used to identify the different substances present in the leaf extract mixture. Instructions: 1. 3 leaves of spinach were ground in pestle and mortar by 2 cm3 of extraction solvent 2. the developing solvent was added into the boiling tube and it just touched the lower edge of the paper strip. 3. The tube was kept stopper to allow it to saturate with the solvent vapour 4. Both sides of paper strip were trimmed to make sure that the sides of paper strip didnt touch the sides of the boiling tube 5. A light pencil line was ruled 20mm from the lower edge of paper strip 6. A capillary tube was dipped into the extract and a small drop of the extract was put in the middle of the starting line. When it was dried, another drop was added and adding was continued until the spot was quite dark. The spot was kept as small as possible. 7. One end of the strip was folded at 90 so that when the paper strip was suspended with a pin from the stopper, the opposite end would just dip into the surface of the solvent. 8. The chromatogram was allowed to develop until the solvent front is 2 cm from the upper edge of paper strip. 9. The paper strip was taken out and a light pencil line was ruled to mark the solvent front. 10. The pigment patches were circled immediately with a pencil. 11. The Rf values for the different pigments in the leaf extract were calculated. Results: The distance that the solvent travels = 9.3cm Rf of the top yellow spot = 8.9/ 9.3 = 0.96cm Rf of the middle orange spot = 6.8/ 9.3 = 0.73cm Rf of the bottom bright green spot = 5.7/9.3 = 0.61cm Rf of the lowest green spot = 4.4/9.3 = 0.47cm Therefore the top yellow spot is carotene pigment, the middle orange spot is xanthophyll pigment, the bottom bright green spot is chlorophyll a pigment, and the lowest green spot is chlorophyll b pigment. Discussion: Chromatography is an effective method of separating the solutes in a solution. Paper chromatography is the process we used to separate various chemicals found in the pigment, in the case is chlorophyll. The four pigments that being separated were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll II, and carotene. These pigments were each separated at a different point on the paper. This is because of few different factors. First, each pigments has a different mass, and therefore are heavier and cannot travel up the paper as far, or as quickly. In this experiment, the heaviest pigment is chlorophyll b as it is the lowest, and the lightest pigment is carotene as it is the top of all pigments. The second factor was the solubility of the pigment. The least soluble pigment should travel up the shortest distance, and the most soluble pigment should travel up the longest distance. In this experiment, the least soluble pigment was chlorophyll b, and the most soluble one was carotene. The third factor was adsorption, that is the ability to attract other substances strongly and hold on their surface. The pigment with the greatest adsorption ability traveled up the shortest distance, and the pigment with the weakest adsorption ability traveled up the longest distance. In this experiment, carotene had the weakest adsorption ability, and chlorophyll b had the greatest adsorption ability. The strip of filter paper should be freely suspended in the test tube, this is because the movement of the pigment on the paper in contact or near the glass would cause the particles to be attracted to the side such that net charge of the force would be towards the side. The test tube must be stoppered. This is to produce a saturated atmosphere in the test tube. Also, it was to prevent the evaporation of the solvent, which is toxic. Conclusion: There were four pigments being separated from chlorophyll, they were chlorophyll b, which is the least soluble, heaviest and have the greatest ability of adsorption, chlorophyll a, xanthophyll II and carotene, which is the most soluble, lightest and have the weakest ability of adsorption.

Star Wars :: essays research papers

'The broken globe'; by Henry Kreisel tells the story of a father and a son torn apart by their differing views of the world. Another story which I feel parallels this story in certain aspects is the 1977 classic 'Star Wars'; by George Lucas. In Star Wars, Luke Skywalker, a young farmboy on a backwater world, receives a lightsabre from Obi Wan Kenobi, this inspires an urge to leave his world and learn to be a Jedi. One of the conflicts Luke must face is his Uncle Owen who wishes him to stay on his world and be a farmer. When Luke finally does leave he becomes very successful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke Skywalker lived on the small backwater world of Tatoonie with his Aunt Beru and his Uncle Owen. Lukes desire to leave is instigated by Obi Wan Kenobi a old friend of his father he never knew. Luke is given a lightsabre which once belonged to his father. When Luke receives this and learns of his Jedi potential he desires to leave and learn to be a Jedi. This is not unlike Nick Solchuk who also wants to leave his small town of Three Bear Hills, Alberta. He is raised by his father in an old fashion way, much like Luke. Nicks desire to leave is first aroused by a teacher, Joan McKenzie. She taught him of how the earth is round not flat like his father believes. This starts the conflict between father and son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe another thing that both stories have in common is Luke's Uncle and Mr. Solchuk's beliefs that they should stay at their homes and live simple lives like they did. Luke's Uncle believe Luke should stay on Tatoonie and be a farmer like himself, he also worries that if Luke begins to learn to be a Jedi that he will turn to the darkside and become evil like his father, Darth Vader. Mr. Solchuk believed Nick should also stay and farm the land like he has all his life. Mr. Solchuk also believed that Nicks beliefs of the world being round were evil and it was a sin to believe in this. Nick left his town against his fathers will and fulfilled his dream. Luke also left his world, but, Luke's Aunt and Uncle were killed by Imperial troops, this also gave Luke a reason to leave and fight the Imperials to avenge his families death

Mock Trial Closings Essay

The closing argument is the last piece of a mock trial, essentially the last time you get to sell your case to the jury. During the closing argument, you are summarizing and putting together everything the jury has already heard during the trial. You are basically clarifying everything presented in the trial from showing the relevance of a particular witness to showing how everything you’ve presented comes together to prove your case. It is one of the most important parts of mock trial, mainly because the jury listens. It is the last chance to convince the judges of your case, to show you are more skilled than your opponent, and get the perfect 10 you’re hoping for because they are the last words the jury will hear from your team. It can make your case, or break it, thus delivery is very important. Writing the Closing Theme An important part of a great closing is the theme. It will tie your case together in a pretty ribbon that will stay in the juries mind. It will be the same theme from the opening, one that runs through your entire case, and in the closing reminding the jury of your case with the catchy phrase or sentence. Structure 1)Introduction: Begin with a short introduction that catches the jury’s attention. It should remind the judges of the big picture. If it’s a murder trial, talk about how tragic it is that this person’s life was taken away. If it’s a civil trial you can speak about how the person’s rights were violated. Also be sure to introduce your theme during the introduction. 2)Burden of Proof: Explain what your burden is and what your role is in relation to it. Tell the judges exactly how you’ve met the burden or how the opposing counsel has failed to met this burden. In addition, frame the burden of proof in your favor. 3)Law: Tell the judges about each element of the charge. Explain whether or not you have proved or disproved each element, or whether it is enough to prove or disprove any one element. Then make a roadmap. Tell the judge that to prove your burden/undermine your opponents case, you are to prove x, y, and z. 4)Argument: This is the meat of your case. This is where one by one you are going to signpost and tell the judge exactly what you are talking about. Example: â€Å"Now let’s look at X†. X, Y, and Z should not be your three witnesses but parts of the law that you need to prove or disprove. Remind your judges of testimonies/evidence from the trial that adds up to show X. Do this for all points. Its important to remember it should be based around the law. Don’t go witness by witness recounting the evidence. 5)Conclusion: Sums everything up. Restate how you’ve met your burden of proof through x, y, and z. Use your theme once more to tie everything together. Ask for a verdict. Remember to be this strong, convincing and memorable.

Prostitution Is The World Oldest Profession - 1657 Words

Prostitution is â€Å"the exchange of sexual acts for money, food, rent, drugs, or other material goods.† (WomensLaw). One who works in this field is then to be labeled a prostitute. Although the field of prostitution is the world’s oldest profession, it is a topic that is typically hushed down and not often studied. It is a part of our society and must be discussed for a better understanding. Going on to say, the physical and psychological behavior that is associated within prostitution is derived from the historic cultural practices that encourage prostitution, the motivation of personal desires, and modern society’s marginalization of women. In today’s society, many people are not interested to know why prostitution exists, where did it all start, and show no desire to understand how destructive this profession can be. The earliest form of marginalization of women can be seen in the Bible (Sanger, 1858). Moses passed a law reflecting Jewish morals, â₠¬Å"Do not prostitute thy daughter, lest the land fall to whoredom... There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel† and decided to punish the impure. Moses wanted to check up on the â€Å"progress of disease among both sexes†¦ Modern medical science admits that, in hot climates, want of cleanliness and frequent amorous indulgence will increase the â€Å"issue†, so frequently said by Moses†. He therefore banned all sexual intercourse, and almost all relationships in contact with those affected. Moses was so determined to remove this evil,Show MoreRelatedProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1947 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Prostitution is the world’s oldest profession† is one of the most commonly used quotes when debating whether or not prostitution should be legal. Prostitution is not the oldest profession, but one of the oldest forms of violence towards women. It seems old because of its history which includes the sexual exploitation of women and children and the projected idea that men need sex whether by force or purchase. Prostitution isn’t natural or inescapable, but it is abuse and a form of exploitationRead MoreProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1577 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution is the world’s oldest profession, and a major motive for becoming a prostitute tends to be economic. (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, Herold Mckay, 2013) The sex industry tends to divide feminists and society, on whether prostitution is an coercion and commodification of women, or a women’s right and choice to sell her body. (Shannon, 2010) Prostitution, which i s consensual sex between two adults for money or goods of value is legal in Canada although, most of the activities thatRead MoreProstitution : The World s Oldest Profession3535 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"Writing is like Prostitution. First you do it for love, and then for a few close friends, and then for money.† People for the legalization of prostitution believe prostitution can create positive outcomes for numerous people. However, other people believe legalizing it will hurt more people than it would help. Therefore, many people believe legalizing prostitution will create numerous benefits, however, others believe legalizing prostitution will produce negative outcomes. Prostitution has been aroundRead MoreProstitution Is Considered The World Oldest Profession1170 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is regarded as the world’s oldest profession; however, every state, except Nevada, currently prohibits it. According to Dr. Shumsky, â€Å"in the nineteenth-century police departments...confined prostitution to certain locations† to segregate prostitutes from other citizens (Shumsky 668). Many people see prostitution as a fountainhead of vice, and numerous religious leaders have argued that it leads to other crimes such as adultery. One common misconception about prostitution is that mostRead MoreProstitution : The World s Oldest Profession895 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution, sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession† (Henslin, pg. 54), is defined by James M. Henslin as â€Å"the renting of one’s body for sexual purposes† (pg. 54). This arrangement, though illegal and socially deviant in mo st parts of the world, exists universally in many different forms (pg. 54). As a matter of fact, types of prostitutes range greatly in variety from call girls – who are said to be â€Å"the elite of prostitutes† (pg. 58), to streetwalkers – â€Å"who have the lowest statusRead MoreProstitution Is The World s Oldest Profession Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Prostitution is said to be the world’s oldest profession. It is, indeed, a model of all professional work; the worker relinquishes control over himself†¦ in exchange for money. Because of this passivity it entails, this is a difficult and, for many, a distasteful role.† (Szasz) Prostitution is accompanied with criminalization and the stigma of impurity and danger. â€Å"The National Task Force on Prostitution suggests that over one million people in the US have worked as prostitutes (3).† (Toth) ThroughRead MoreThe World s Oldest Profession For Nothing1613 Words   |  7 Pa gesâ€Å"Prostitution isn t inherently immoral, any more than running a company like Enron is inherently immoral. It s how you do it that counts. And the reality is that it will happen anyway. It s not called the world s oldest profession for nothing. Why not make it, at the least, safe and productive?† -JEANNETTE ANGELL of A Wellness Perspective on Prostitution, Freedom, Religion, and More, Seek Wellness, Apr. 30, 2005. Prostitution, known as the world s oldest profession, and it exists everywhereRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Beneficial For Our Nation?1176 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is one of the oldest occupations of all time. Brothels have always been around since ancient times. So this deviant act is nothing new in the world we live in today. Prostitution shouldn’t be deemed deviant. Prostitution is often said to be the oldest profession, and there is a lot of evidence that this is true. The earliest texts we have reference prostitutes, either sacred ones working for a temple or common street prostitutes. Throughout the Bible, prostitutes played greater or lesserRead MoreAdvantages of Legalizing Prostitution1749 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is known as the oldest profession and has been around for millenniums, dating back to Roman, Byzantine, Greek and Egyptian empires (Baldwin, 2004). The ancient cultures of those empires dealt with the needs of the group and consequently developed protocols for dealing with sexual relations that have propagated throughout time to the modern era. As a result, prostitution is prominent in society today. When analyzing the sex trade, the factors of cultural precedence, philosophy, religionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1098 Words   |  5 Pages from a state to the other, prostitution is an integral part of soci ety. Prostitution is often referred as the world oldest profession (Forrest). For thousands and thousands years, humans have been exchanging money or material goods for sex. Throughout mankind History, set of laws has been put in place with the purpose of controlling and regulating its practice. But, it has never appeared to prevail over its illegal operations. According to the dictionary prostitution is by definition the practice